1800 - 1850 Early Romantic Period Forms
Opera
Secular vocal work with orchestral accompaniment. Text usually in Italian. Drama on stage would be worked around pieces for soloists, small groups of singers and for the chorus. Less emphasis on the orchestra than in earlier periods. Composers included Rossini, Bellini & Donzietti.
Oratorio
Sacred religious work that tells a biblical story without the staging, in English, and following the tradition of Handel. Composers included Mendelssohn.
Mass
Religious work with Latin words and written for the concert hall rather than for a place of worship. Included choruses, arias and duets. Composers included Beethoven, Schubert & Berlioz.
Lieder
Secular songs for (usually) solo voice and pianoforte. Text in German, usually selected from poetic works by influential writers of the day. Composers included Schubert & Schumann.
String Quartet
Chamber work for 2 x violin, viola & cello. Four movements in the same configuration as for symphony. Composers included Beethoven & Schubert.
Concerto
Work for solo instrument (piano or orchestral instrument) in 3 movements, with a massive emphasis on the virtuosity of the soloist. Composers included Beethoven, Mendelssohn & Schumann.
Symphony
Orchestral work, now for enlarged orchestra including trombones, piccolo, double bassoon, cor anglais and always clarinets. In four movements, composers included Beethoven, Berlioz, Schubert, Schumann & Mendelssohn.
Concert Overture
Orchestral piece in one movement, written to be performed as a prelude to a symphonic performance. Composers included Mendelssohn.
Symphonic / Tone Poem
Orchestral piece usually in one long movement, often based on a programme of some description. Composers included Liszt.
Piano Sonata
Solo piece for pianoforte, in three movements. Beethoven wrote many of these that have since become very famous and Liszt wrote some in single movements.
Piano miniature
Miscellaneous piano pieces, often in some dance form or as a study. These include nocturnes, etudes, impromptus, waltzes, mazurkas and preludes. Composers were Chopin, Schubert, Schumann & Liszt.
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