1900 - 2000 Twentieth Century Movements
Impressionism
Predominantly contained within France, composers attempted parallels with impressionistic painters and poets of the day. Pieces were tonal but not in a traditionally diatonic fashion : almost anti-linear. Lilting style was achieved with use of whole-tone and pentatonic scales and harmonies, with little direction and lots of parallel motion. Composers who wrote in this colourful fashion included Debussy & Ravel.
Serialism
Composers wrote pieces with the specific intention of avoiding all suggestion of a key - all tones were regarded as equally important. This lead to the development of the 12-tone row method of composition. Advocates included Schoenberg, Berg & Webern.
Nationalism
The rise of nationalist spirit in music continued into the 20th century, composers attempting to express something about their country in the pieces they wrote. Once method of directly referencing a country's relevance to a composition was in the use of folk melodies. Nationalist composers from around the world included Ives, Vaughan-Williams, Bartok, Kodaly, Copland, Sibelius & Neilson.
Neo-Classicism
A rhetorical movement to use the rhythms, instrumentation and forms of Baroque and Classical times, but with a 20th Century flavour. Composers included Stravinsky, Shostakovich & Hindermith.
Electronic Music
With the invent of electronic instruments and recording techniques, synthesizers, tape machines (including loops) and other such gadgets were employed in the music-making process. One leader in this field was Stockhausen.
Aleatory
Music that is composed and / or performed using some element of chance as its basis. Composers using these methods included Cage & Stockhausen.
Jazz
With routes in West Africa, this form matured in the United States of America and was employed in the serious works of such composers as Gershwin & Bernstein.
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